Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay Example Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay To make diverse multimedia content on complex webs, end user demands to do usage of any multimedia connected device. In this modern and ubiquitous multimedia age, consumer can utilize any calculating multimedia device nowadays in the distinguishable composite interconnected webs. In diverse or heterogenous webs, in conformity with bing bandwidth ( clip dependent ) , layered cyclosis of audio ocular content should be able to pull off appropriate show and content of audiovisual spot watercourses. To vie with these issues, both scalable audiovisual cryptography in analogue with audiovisual streaming method is required. For the feature of scalable audiovisual cryptography, assorted superior methods of audiovisual version was projected to give joint scalabilities of perceptual traits, i.e. , Scalable picture coding demands Fine farinaceous scalability and scalable sound coding demands bit-sliced arithmetic cryptography ( BSAC ) . Besides this, the advantage of scalable audiovisual cryptography is that an encoder can compact audiovisual informations with the superior quality at one time, and a decipherer can reconstruct informations from fractional acknowledged audio ocular spot streams [ 2 ] . On the other manus, there is a possibility of doing perturbation to continual audiovisual playout synchronism because of the presence of different decrypting clip complexness on superimposed scalable audio ocular spot watercourses. Past researches have non dealt with this clip decrypting complexness job and so there were no solutions recommended. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . The three major networking factors when sing with scalable audiovisual cyclosis are clip dependent available bandwidth, fickle web hold jitter and variable communicating because of loss of packages. These three factors besides cause unusual playout method while streaming the picture at the client side. Earlier probes intended on the rating of specific bandwidth measurings over TCP/UDP [ 1 ] [ 3 ] . The direction of commanding buffer was besides proposed to acquire rid of the inauspicious effects of the hold jitter. This involves the buffer control suspension and ordinance [ 7 ] [ 8 ] . In add-on with, the retransmission schemes were employed to lookup the awful conditions of perceptual qualities. In the same manner, the past researches wage attending merely to the non- scalable sound cyclosis or else scalable picture coding instead than traverse superimposed audiovisual cyclosis [ 2 ] [ 6 ] . In this work, several bed audio ocular cyclosis methodological analysis is suggested which includes the synchronism of audiovisual informations in two stages. Phase I synchronization involves in clip synchronism and stage II involves on clip playout agenda. The chief aim of this synchronism process is to convey out the audiovisual information playout in synchronised mode by taking complex web status and inconsistent decryption clip complexness for consideration. Fine farinaceous scalability ( FGS ) and Bit sliced arithmetic cryptography ( BSAC ) are the two patterns required for cleavage of sound and picture into two beds, Base bed ( BL ) and Enhancement bed ( EL ) severally. Depending on the deliberate bing bandwidth, a system of audiovisual transmittal with selective beds can be considered for streaming intercrossed or assorted audiovisual informations. Furthermore, audio informations have greater transmittal precedence than picture informations because audio informations are more sensitive to human perceptual experience than that of picture informations. To better the quality want and to take the effects of the irregular hold jitter, the expected buffer control technique with superimposed ( scalable ) audiovisual cyclosis can be used. The proposed system of several beds audiovisual streaming method will get down the de-jitter mechanism when the waiter gets the jitter entreaty. This action is taking topographic point to roll up the temporal presentation length of audiovisual content rapidly by administering more basal beds of audiovisual informations. For non scalable audiovisual cyclosis, longer presentation length which in bend demands more physical buffer capacity of shop up presented audiovisual informations. The physical buffer capacity signifies the content of the buffer in physical memory and presentation length shows the playing clip of the informations in the buffer. The web traffic and the extra client s buffer can be eliminated by utilizing the exp ected buffer direction which in bend builds up the presentation length rapidly at the inhibited mark rate. This can be achieved by doing usage of superimposed audiovisual cryptography method. Further, the conditional retransmission process takes attention of lost packages to acquire retransmitted if these packages are estimated to be arrived in front of scheduled decryption clip and playout. Furthermore, to synchronise audiovisual playout wholly, distinct decrypting time-complexity along with several superimposed audiovisual is besides considered in our proposed method of several superimposed audiovisual cyclosis. The remaining of the paper is discussed as follows. Section 2 analyses the FGS and BSAC methods. The proposed cyclosis of several superimposed audiovisual cyclosis method is explained in subdivision 3. Section 4 brings in the two stages of synchronism i.e. phase-1 in clip cyclosis and phase-2 on clip playout agenda. foreword In this work, Mpeg-4 FGS codec are used to compact scalable picture content and Mpeg-4 sound codec are used to compact scalable audio information. Bit Sliced Arithmetic Coding ( BSAC ) technique is used in this method to convey out compaction of audio informations. Under this subdivision, the scalable and superimposed audiovisual codec s will be discussed. Fine Granular Scalable coding The alterations in the spot rate of the associating web needs some accommodation in the information size. For this, a little portion of picture watercourse called as frame or macro block, is separated into undersized points. Granularity is the term referred to this sort of measuring the figure of little points which forms an entity. In this unit, the first point has the basic and necessary portion of informations and the staying points are nil but the polish to the basic point. This method of scalable in to establish bed and enhancement bed is called all right farinaceous scalability. Adjusting the coarseness of a watercourse to the spot rate capacities allow the gradual addition in the frame size, spot rate and frame rate. Video content in several bed formats is defined in Fine farinaceous scalability method. A superior quality can be achieved for a picture sequence by increasing the figure of beds. MPEG-4 ocular cryptography is an object signifier of Fine farinaceous scalability. It has differences from the old Signal to Noise Ratio ( SNR ) Scalability. In this FGS cryptography, non scalable cryptography type is being utilized for compacting base bed so that lower limit assured quality can be achieved [ 9 ] . Enhancement layer coding can be achieved by compacting the fluctuation between the alone images and the restructured images obtained by spot flat representation. At any spot rate because of random Enhancement bed can be truncated, betterments over the progressive SNR demand to be achieved depending on the bing bandwidth. MPEG-4 Advanced Audio cryptography ( AAC ) is the object signifier for Fine farinaceous sound cryptography. This signifier takes on Bit chopped arithmetic cryptography technique supplying forceful and farinaceous sound cyclosis. One 24 kbps Base bed and two 16 kbps enhancement bed can be constructed from the version 1 of MPEG-4 AAC [ 4 ] . In version 2, the BSAC tool can afford scalability up to 1Kbps for a glandular fever sound and 2Kbps for a stereo sound [ 5 ] [ 10 ] . Proposed Architecture of the cyclosis method The undermentioned figure1 shows the proposed several superimposed audio ocular cyclosis method which has some of import subdivision: scalable audiovisual processing unit, synchronism of transmittal, control constituent of client and waiter, etc. Some of the constituents are as follows: 1. Multimedia Base bed and enhancement bed and rate control can be managed by the scalable audiovisual constituent. Harmonizing to the bing bandwidth, FGS picture and sound informations will be truncated. 2. The transmittal synchronism constituent able to synchronise and convey scalable AV information from clip to clip which depends on the fundamental of the human position. The most favorable ratio of AV transmittal can be determined as a consequence. 3. The control constituent of the waiter establishes the appropriate transmittal rate and figure of audiovisual sweetening beds which depends on the deliberate bing bandwidth and client s retransmission and de-jitter demands. 4. For the stage 1 in-time cyclosis and stage 2 on clip playout synchronism, control constituent of client manages the retransmission and jitter petitions takes topographic point in the web. Harmonizing to the fig 1, the streaming synchronism together with the conditional retransmission process and de-jitter method, carried out by the phase-1 synchronism constituent. Further, playout synchronism along with variable decrypting clip complexness is achieved by this phase-2 synchronism constituent. Henceforth, for clarifying the projected adaptative buffer control, two of import practical footings are refereed. They are 1.Physical buffer capacity and Fig. 1 Proposed Architecture of the cyclosis system 2. Temporal presentation length. The degree of the buffer in physical memory is specified in this physical buffer capacity. Temporal playing length signifies the playing clip of audiovisual content accumulated in the buffer. Adaptive Scalable AV method Cross layered audiovisual spot watercourses are distributed by the proposed adaptive layered audiovisual transmittal method. Audio information is more notable than the picture informations because human position is more perceptive to audio than picture. This is the of import singularity of the human sensitiveness. Additionally, the other ground is video decipherer which can do usage of a system of playback interrupt to conceal the losing picture sections. But this is non the instance for audio sections. Privacy of audio sections is non possible because of the presence of high figure of audio samples. Hence, the precedency for the audio transmittal should be more than video transmittal. The process of the recommended adaptative scalable audiovisual cyclosis are considered as follows: 1. The ratio of figure of audio EL to the figure of video EL is termed as audiovisual transmittal ratio. It is denoted by RA/VEL. 2. The transmittal function tabular array is constructed based on the abovementioned transmittal scheme. The association between the transmittal rate and the figure of audiovisual EL s are mapped in the function table Fig 2. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio ( PSNR ) and Objective debasement classs ( ODG ) are utilized to gauge the change of picture and sound informations through which right transmittal ratio can be verified. Though the PSNR values show the difference of alone and restructured frames, it is hard to distinguish the ocular difference for the human ocular position if the PSNR value is more than 30dB. When sing with alleged sound quality, PEAQ method is employed as indicated in the ITU proposal BS 1387. The ODG and deformation index are the two end product factors of this PEAQ. The ODG values are ranged from -4 to 0. As a consequence, the cross layered audiovisual quality ( Qav ) can be evaluated by the places of sound and picture, i.e. , Qav = 2.Ra + Rv, where Ra and Rv are the aforementioned ranks of the audiovisual quality. Harmonizing to this cross audiovisual quality, the proper RA/V EL can be evaluated, for example, the default value 5. Two stage Synchronization method Two stage synchronism method is discussed in this subdivision. Controling the streaming control can be handled efficaciously by stage 1 synchronism. This stage 1 method besides includes conditional retransmission method and de-jitter mechanism. Taking into history of decrypting clip complexness, Phase 2 synchronism is employed which provides the proper synchronism of playout agenda. Phase-1 Synchronism The unsteady nature of the channel state of affairs nowadays during the multimedia communicating leads to many troubles. The extremely sensitive jitter which takes topographic point in multimedia communicating creates the uneven play-out agenda of the audiovisual content. This uneven drama out are causes more deformation on client s side. The de-jitter mechanism is put frontward to rectify the buffer s temporal presentation length. This will forestall the effects of the hold jitter takes topographic point in the web efficaciously. The hold jitter is nil but the hold among existent reaching and the expected reaching. Normally delay jitter can be classified into three classs ; they are positive jitter, negative jitter and nothing jitter. Positive jitter is the jitter where the packages arrival is delayed. The negative jitter is the jitter where packages arrived earlier and the nothing jitter is the packages arrived on clip. In this proposed several layered audiovisual method, merely po sitive jitter with delayed packages are taken into history. Supplying the bigger temporal presentation length and conveying down the hold jitter which takes topographic point in the web is the construct of this proposed de-jitter mechanism. The brink of the presentation when we sing the hold jitter THJ is estimated which depends on the old mean jitter ( J ) and the maximal hold jitter Jmax. THJ = ?. Jmax + ( 1- ? ) . Joule In this above mentioned expression, ? is a premier factor which estimates the right temporal presentation length. The value of this ? is 0.8 which is obtained by experimentation. The client will bring forth the de-jitter petition if the temporal presentation length is smaller than the value of the THJ which is nil but the threshold of the presentation length. In order to roll up the temporal presentation length rapidly and besides to command the overall traffic takes topographic point in the web, the waiter after having the petition will convey merely the base bed audiovisual content instead than conveying enhancement bed audiovisual information. The proposed de-jitter mechanism greatly reduces the effects of the hold jitter. Fig. 2 The graph of the ratio of the in-time decryption entryway utilizing the proposed de-jitter process for distinguishable hold heebie-jeebiess. Bettering the debasement of the perceptual quality in the proposed method, conditional retransmission method is devised. The web congestion and web mistake are the footing for the package loss. If the congestion or traffic becomes worse, so the packages will non come in order and this leads to incorrect scheduled decoding clip. The packages which are non in order besides be treated as lost packages. This lost package is occurred when hold clip is higher than a threshold THD. The threshold of the hold clip is given by THD = ?. Jmax + ( 1 ? ? ) J Experimental value of the ? , the control factor is stated to be 0.5. The nucleus thought behind the conditional retransmission method is, before the procedure of decrypting and playout to be done, the retransmitted packages can be obtained. This action takes topographic point if the temporal presentation length is larger than the indispensable retransmission clip. If the procedure of decrypting and playout occur before these retransmitted packages arrival, these lost packages are bounced back or skipped. The indispensable retransmission clip is estimated by the amount of package unit of ammunition trip clip and mean hold jitter. Furthermore, depending on the staying bandwidth ( Br ) and retransmitted informations ( Rret ) , server will look into the necessity for the retransmission of lost packages. To forestall the extra traffic, merely the base bed content will be retransmitted. The process for the conditional retransmission method is shown in fig 3. Phase 2 Synchronism The decipherer with distinct decrypting clip of the proposed several layered audiovisual cyclosis method is really much needed. Such decipherer is needed due to the demand of drama out of several superimposed audiovisual informations in a synchronised mode. This decipherer will retrace the distinct qualities of the audiovisual spot watercourses. The extreme clip distinction of sound and picture are stated as ?A and ?V Fig 3. The process of the conditional retransmission mechanisms ( left: client side, right: server side ) . . ?A = TdAmax ? TdAmin ?V = TdVmax ? TdVmin These are the two equations which province the maximal clip difference of decrypting sound and picture severally. TdAmax denotes the maximal audio BL and EL ( all ) decryption clip and TdAmin denotes the minimal audio BL and EL decryption clip. In the same manner, TdVmax and TdVmin denote the upper limit and minimal picture BL and EL ( all beds ) decrypting clip severally. For different measure of sweetening beds, the fig 4 indicates the indispensable decryption clip complexness in Federal Protective Service. The foremost sound and picture packages are played out with their hold clip of ?A and ?V. This is to vouch that the variable decryption clip should non do influence on audiovisual playback. To be clearer, ?A and get downing buffering clip of sound are one and the same. Similarly ?V and get downing buffering clip of video both represents the same. Therefore, PA1 and PV1 are nil but the playing out clip of first sound and first picture severally. These are given by Fig. 4 The graph demoing decrypting time-complexity ( unit: Federal Protective Service ) for different sums of sweetening beds. PA1 = TiA1 + ?A PV1 = TiV1 + ?V The echt playout clip for the first sound and video units is given by P1A|V = soap ( P1A, P1V ) . The consecutive ith audio portion of the playout is termed as PiA = Pi-1A|V + uiA, I A ; gt ; 1 where uiA is the sample period of audio parts. The process of phase-1 synchronism and phase-2 playout synchronism can be worked together good in the proposed system. Therefore the drum sander audiovisual playout with proper synchronism and the refined quality can be attained. The public presentations of the proposed several layered or scalable audiovisual cyclosis are demonstrated in this subdivision. This includes both in-time cyclosis and the on-time playout agenda. The extent of quantitative ratio is interrelated to the user s perceptual qualities. Comparing the public presentation with and without proposed processs, available bandwidth, and hold jitter and package loss are measured. Fig. 5 loss rate for different retransmission methods The de-jitter mechanism take the effects of jitter hold by maintaining the temporal presentation length quickly. In this experiment, the in-timing decryption ratio is given by ratio between the sum of packages coming for the decryption waiting line in clip and the sum of received packages at the client side. Harmonizing to fig 4, the de-jitter mechanism enhances the in-timing decryption ratio which specifies big figure of packages come ining into the decrypting waiting line in clip. This states that audiovisual informations in big figure will be scheduled to be decoded. In the same manner, the conditional retransmission method explained in the subdivision 5.1, is to develop the audiovisual quality if many lost packages needs to be retransmitted. In this experiment, when compared with full transmittal method, this proposed conditional retransmission method yield the higher ratio of in-time decrypting entryway. This is because the full transmittal may bring forth terrible web traffic and hike the transmittal hold. But this is non the instance with conditional retransmission method. In the fig 5, comparing for different retransmission methods are discussed. The three transmittal methods are full transmittal method, conditional retransmission method, and without retransmission. The proposed mechanism together with de-jitter mechanism achieve better public presentations than the other retransmission strategies. Fig. 6 Consequence of the proposed synchronism mechanism on the loss rate In add-on to this abovementioned strategies, the playout synchronism algorithm mentioned in subdivision 5.2 is employed to convey out the audiovisual playout on-time. In this experiment, the on-time playout ratio is the of import index which is given by Rplay = Uplay /Utotal in which Uplay is the measure of media parts played out on-time and Utotal is the entire media parts. From the fig 6, the proposed two phase synchronism strategies produce better ratio than the three other transmittal methods. The three transmittal methods are No Synchronization ( without stage 1 and phase 2 ) , with phase-1 synchronism and with both phase-1 synchronism and phase-2 synchronism. Decisions In this paper, several layered or scalable audiovisual cyclosis method are proposed which employs the techniques or methods of FGS and BSAC. The proposed adaptive scalable audiovisual transmittal method highlights the audio quality instead than video quality to convey out the typical human perceptual experience. The de-jitter process mentioned in the phase-1 cyclosis synchronism can change the temporal presentation length which brings out the playout smooth. The conditional retransmission method can retransmit lost or delayed packages expeditiously so that overall playback quality will be improved. Similarly, the proposed phase-2 synchronism mechanism can capable of synchronising the both audio and picture along with consideration of clip decrypting complexness. The experiment consequences of the proposed several layered audiovisual cyclosis method illustrate that this method is the possible cyclosis strategy to get the better of the bing troubles like limited bandwidth, foul quality , uneven playback etc nowadays in the omnipresent multimedia cyclosis. Recognition We wish to show our sincere thanks to the Department of Information Technology, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai for supplying the needed hardware and package tools to transport out simulation.

50 Nautical Terms in General Use

50 Nautical Terms in General Use 50 Nautical Terms in General Use 50 Nautical Terms in General Use By Mark Nichol The vocabulary of sailing has enriched the English language with the development, by analogy, of new senses for nautical terms. Here are fifty such words with their original meanings and their landlubber connotations. 1. Aboard: on a vessel (assisting or in sympathy with) 2. Aboveboard: above the deck (out in the open, honest) 3. Adrift: not tied or secured (acting or living without purpose) 4. Aground: resting on the seafloor on shore (halted by circumstances) 5. Anchor: a heavy object that holds a vessel in place (a person or thing that figuratively keeps another person or thing steady) 6. Awash: water level with or slightly covering the deck (overwhelmed) 7. Bail: to throw out seawater or rainwater that has collected in a vessel (to help, or to abandon) 8. Ballast: stabilizing weights placed in the hull of a vessel (something that steadies or weighs down) 9. Beachcomber: a sailor without a berth or a shipboard assignment (a person living on or near a beach or the shore or one who searches such areas for salvage, or both) 10. Bearing: one’s position (posture or deportment) 11. Becalm: to come to a stop because of a lack of wind (to halt progress) 12. Berth: a sailor’s assignment, or a sailor’s bunk (a position or placement, in a location or in rankings) 13. Bilge: the lowest part of a hull (outdated or useless comments or ideas) 14. Capsize: to overturn (to ruin or interfere) 15. Chart: a navigational map, or to map a course (a display of graphical information, or to set a course) 16. Cockpit: a steering or berthing compartment (the pilot’s compartment in an airplane, or a place for cockfighting or location notorious for violence) 17. Course: the direction a ship is sailing (a procedure or a way of acting) 18. Current: a movement of water (the prevailing mood or tendency) 19. Heading: the direction a ship is sailing (one’s course) 20. Headway: progress or rate of progress in sailing (progress in general) 21. Helm: steering apparatus, or to operate such equipment (a position of leadership, or to lead) 22. Jury rig: to rig makeshift equipment (to make a quick fix using available materials) 23. Keel: the backbone of a vessel, running along the center of the hull (balance, as when someone is on an even keel) 24. Keelhaul: to drag a sailor underneath the ship along the hull as punishment (to punish severely) 25. Leeway: sideways movement of a vessel because of current or wind (flexibility) 26. Log: originally, a length of wood attached to a line and tossed overboard to measure speed, then a device with the same function; also, a record of operation (an accounting of any activity or progress) 27. Lookout: a sailor standing watch (someone keeping watch, or the position from which the person does so) 28. Manhole: an opening in to a compartment (a hole providing access underground or into a structure) 29. Mooring: securing with anchors or lines, or a place where mooring occurs (a stabilizing influence) 30. Navigation: the operation of a vessel (direction for traveling or movement through a virtual area, as on a website) 31. Overhaul: to ready equipment for use (to rebuild or repair) 32. Pilot: a steersman, or to steer a vessel (an operator of an aircraft or spacecraft, or to operate such a craft or to direct an operation or procedure, or a business or organization) 33. Quarantine: temporary sequestration of a vessel because of the possibility of spreading disease, or the location of the sequestration (enforced isolation, especially because of contagion, or the place of isolation) 34. Quarters: assigned living areas or workstations on a vessel, or an assembly of all crew members (lodging) 35. Rudder: an immersed blade of wood, metal, or plastic attached to a vessel and turned remotely to change its direction (a guiding force) 36. Salvage: to rescue or save a ship and/or its cargo, or the compensation for doing so; also, the property salvaged (saving something from being destroyed or discarded, or what is saved) 37. Scuttle: to sink a vessel by cutting a hole in the hull (to ruin something by abandonment or sabotage) 38. Scuttlebutt: a cask for holding drinking water and, by extension, the idle talk exchanged while drinking from it (gossip) 39. Seaworthy: in condition to be operated (solid or valid) 40. Ship: to send cargo or passengers by sea (to transport or distribute) 41. Shorthanded: lacking enough crew members (not having enough people to perform a task) 42. Sounding: a measurement of the depth of water (seeking an opinion or a statement of intention) 43. Stow: to put away and, by extension, to keep one’s opinion to oneself (to arrange, load, or store) 44. Swamped: submerged (overwhelmed) 45. Tack: to change a vessel’s direction, or the new direction (to shift one’s viewpoint, as in â€Å"take a new tack†) 46. Tide: the change of surface level of a body of water because of gravitational fluctuations (a fluctuating or rising phenomenon) 47. Under way: in motion (in progress) 48. Wake: the visible track of a vessel through water (aftermath) 49. Waterlogged: filled or soaked with water but afloat (full of or saturated with water) 50. Watertight: capable of preventing water from entering (solid, flawless) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†January 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Bret Hart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Bret Hart - Essay Example This essay will flesh out the thesis that in Harte’s stories, there is manifest celebration of the virtues of the social underclass. Where literature was previously the preserve of the privileged and addressed to the same privileged audience, Harte broke this trend, and courageously at that, and highlighted the depth, effervescence and humanity of those in the fringes of society. Tennessee’s Partner is a great short story. At its core is the theme of friendship, if not unconditional love. Tennessee’s Partner (who was never referred by his actual name through the entire story) displays such an unconditional acceptance of his friend Tennessee that he soon withers and dies upon the latter’s execution. Even when his wife runs away with Tennessee, his partner doesn’t try to harm him. To the contrary, he welcomes him back home in all cordiality. This is all the more remarkable when one considers the livelihoods of these two characters. They are both petty criminals, often committing offenses against the law. It is natural to expect loose codes of friendship and loyalty among people who are considered criminals. Yet Tennessee’s Partner shows such dedication toward the wellbeing of his friend. In what is a brilliant symbolic touch, the very naming of the story as Tennessee’s Partner indicates the strength of unity of identit y of these two loyal friends. The reference to an individual solely through his friend’s name is a statement of the strong intertwinement of their two identities. Similarly, consistent with Harte’s reputation of being a brave writer who pushed the frontiers of social sensibility, there are sufficient hints at a homosexual relationship between the two lead characters. Perhaps fearing public outrage (as homosexuality was taboo during Harte’s era) the author might have only conveyed the intimate nature of their relationship via indirect literary means. Another way of looking at this is that Harte has

Challenges of Global Warming in Modern Society Essay

Challenges of Global Warming in Modern Society - Essay Example As green house gases increases in concentration in the atmosphere, so is more energy retained in the atmosphere and this increases the chances of global warming to increase. Some of the gases which constitutes green house gases include; carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and fluorine gases. (Kim et al, 2010) These different greenhouse gases have different capabilities in heat-trapping. (environment.nationalgeographic.com, 2011) According to levy, global warming is evaluated by looking at the annual average temperatures as a function of time . The average temperatures are estimated from temperature recordings obtained from both the land and the sea. Land temperatures are obtained from weather stations while sea temperatures are estimated by assessing temperatures of the sea from a ship. The data obtained is first averaged over squares of one degree in latitude by one degree in longitude. Then, the averaged temperatures within the squares are summed to derive at the global average t emperatures. In attempting to compute global average temperatures, both the averaged temperature of the earth surface, sea and the combined temperature and averaged temperatures within lower earth surfaces also known as troposphere are employed. The information about the troposphere is gathered by use of weather balloons or micro wave sounding units mounted on atmosphere navigating satellites that have advantage of providing direct data. (Levy, 1999, p 370) Challenges of Global warming in Modern Society According to wbcsd.org, the changes in the earths climate system has catastrophic effects in the society and corporate world operates . The effects can have either physical, social or social impacts The impact s on the business world and in societies are very much uncertain in frequency and magnitude. The effect of global warming affects the business society in various ways. To begin with, high temperatures will affect the location, design efficiency and operation and marketing of bu siness products and services and its infrastructure.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Censorship Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Censorship Essay Censorship is telling a man he cant have a steak just because a baby cant chew it. (Mark Twain) Throughout the last hundred years, Mark Twains famous American novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been the center of a heated debate. This argument is centered around the allowance of the book in the curriculum of public schools. Many people from many different interest groups have stated their opinion about the book and the argument, presenting various pertinent arguments; however, the debate remains heated even more than a hundred years after the novel was originally published. On one side of debate is those opposed to the novels prominent position in schools. In fact many maintain that it should not be taught at all. This position is widely held. One such opposer is Beatrice Clark, an African American and grandmother of a student in a school system where the book is taught, believes that the book is unacceptable because of the language in it. She finds the use of the N-word, which is used more than 600 times, inflammatory and offensive. That word, in the history of America, has always been a degrading word toward African Americans. When they were brought to America, they were never thought of as human beings in the first place, and this word was something to call a thing that wasnt humans, says Beatrice. Charles Spokes, president of the NAACP believes that the word is not only unacceptable because of its offensive connotations, but also causes trouble in current relations between racial groups. What youre saying is those words are OK, but theyre not OK to a group of people, he states. This issue with the language in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the major concern of the opposing party. Another significant argument is that Jim is portrayed as ignorant, and the African race in general as presented as lacking in value. Throughout the novel many, including John H. Wallace, find that Jim is represented in an unflattering way. He is shown as unintelligent more unintelligent that an adolescent boy and simple. Huck must constantly explain things to Jim that Huck finds rather simple and self explanatory. The writers of the book Satire or Evasion, present the example that at one point Huck attempts to explain a story about King Solomon which Huck believes Jim can not understand. He is also portrayed as a rather unintelligent man through Twains portrayal of his speech patterns and beliefs in spooks and superstition. Jim is also often portrayed as stupid and gullible; for example, when the Duke and Dauphin join Jim and Huck in their adventures, Huck soon realizes they are not really who they say they are and are simple rapscallions. Jim however believes them and even claims he didnt know kings and dukes behaved in such a way. The slaves in the book as a whole are also portrayed as lacking in value. When Huck lies to Sally Phelps, he mentions that a nigger died in the explosion on the ship. She believes that this is rather lucky because sometimes people get hurt. Huck and Tom also have a little prison adventure while Jim just sits in a shed, worrying that he might not escape in time and not knowing that he is actually a free man. That is information Tom Sawyer is keeping a secret. Bernard Bell, a writer, says, Twain nostalgically and metaphorically sells Jim down the river for laughs at the end. The book is also criticized for being atheistic and lacking in morals. This point was emphasized by Louisa May Alcott who thought it unfit for children. This book may have many opposers, but it also has a large number of advocates. Many people advocate the teaching of this book in school for its historical significance. It teaches our history, though it may be somewhat shameful. Hilari Anderson, a highschool teacher and advocate of Mark Twains classic novel says, We could ignore the book, but then were ignoring history. Were ignoring that that language exists. I dont think, in the long run, thats helpful to our kids. This view is shared by many. They hold that the language in the book is accurate for the setting and should be taken for what it is: a part of history that exists and must be recognized. Another teacher, Webb Harris Jr., also believes the book gives a humorous opportunity to discuss a difficult issue. A student named Steven in Virginia writes that if Huck meant the use of the word nigger to be offensive, he wouldnt complement Jim and use the word in the same sentence. He was a mighty good nigger, Jim was. The book is believed to be worth teaching because of the realistic view of history that it presents. Another reason many advocates hold that Huckleberry Finn should be taught in schools is because it shows the fullness of America. Huck writes about religion, scandal, pain, nature, and just life in general. Writer H.L. Mencken says that Twain breaks it down to elementals without false appearances or faà §ades. He finds it to be one of the greatest masterpieces in the world. Ernest Hemmingway also makes the point that all American Literature comes from it. Its the best book weve had. All American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since. The novel by Mark Twain is held by many to be the best and most exemplary American novel. As one of the most controversial novels ever written, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is certainly one of the most notable books in western literature. Arguments in opposition and support are widely held and many deserve consideration. With thoughts to the language and offensive character of the novel weighed against its value as a historical resource and specific importance to American literature and its progression, the arguments in favor of the piece being taught, with discretion, seem the most valid. Most assuredly, the disputability of the novel will continue for many years more.

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Chinese Space News Marks 10th Consecutive Successful Launch of Long March Yesterday's ChinaStar-1 launch was the 52nd launch by Chinese Long March rocket and the fourth by a Long March 3B, the country's most powerful launch vehicle. Long March experienced 3 failures in 1995 and 1996. The successful launches in recent two years will undoubtely strengthen Long March's position in the competition of global launch market. The Long March 3B placed the 2984 kg ChinaStar-1 into an orbit of 201x85732km with 24.5 degree inclination. The Lockheed Martin built satellite has 24 C-band and 24 Ku-band transponders. It will be finally placed into the geostationary orbit at 87.5 degrees East longitude by Lockheed Martin in next few days. Next in line will be the Sinosat-1 built by the French group, Aerospatiale, for an official Chinese client. That launch, also by a Long March 3B, is expected in July.  [May 30, 1998] Long March 3B Successfully Launched ChinaStar-1 Long March 3B successfully launched ChinaStar-1 today, CCTV, the Chinese official television station announced today. This is the fourth launch and the third successful launch of Long March 3B, the most powerful rocket in China. Chinastar-1 was built by Lockheed Martin and will be operated by China Oriental Telecommunications.  [May 29, 1998] APT Satellite Holdings See Revenue Growth Hong Kong Satellite operator APT Satellite Holdings sees revenue growth this year despite a reduction in the satellite transponder services in Asia due to the economic slowdown. The current leasing rate for the company's third satellite, Apstar-IIR, was now at 25 per cent. But it was expected to increase more than 50 per cent by the end of the year, APT chairman Xie Gao-Jue said. The group planned to launch Apstar V or one big satellite to replace Apstar I and Apstar IA, which run out in 2004 and 2006 respectively. APT Satellite was also negotiating with a mainland firm to develop a direct broadcast satellite system, though no decision has been reached. The group's current financial status was rated "healthy" on a gearing ratio of 42 per cent. Direct effects of the Asian currency crisis were said to be minimal as the firm's revenue is in US dollars.  [May 24, 1998] AsiaSat 4 Launch Put on Hold Asia Satellite Telecommunications Holdings (AsiaSat) yesterday said it was postponing the launch of AsiaSat 4 due to a decrease in demand for telecommunication services from satellite transponders. "We will evaluate the project at the end of this year and hoped it can be launched in the year 2000,'' chief executive officer Peter Jackson said.

Recess at school Essay

Psychology helps marketers understand why and how consumers behave as they do. Psychological concepts such as motivation and personality; perception; learning; values, beliefs, and attitudes, and life styles are useful for interpreting buying process and directing marketing efforts. Motivation- is energizing force that stimulates behavior to satisfy a need. Personality- Refers to a person’s consistent behaviors or responses to recurring situations Perception- The process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world. Learning- refers to the behavior that results from (1) repeated experience, (2) reasoning. The way we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world plays an important role in our choices behaviors and beliefs. Understanding social psychology can be useful for many reasons. First we can better understand how groups impact our choices and actions. Additionally, it also allows us to gain a g reater appreciation for how our social perception affects our interactions with other people. Claustrophobia is an â€Å"abnormal dread of being in closed or narrow spaces† (Jeffrey, M. K., 2002). This paper will examine if the claustrophobia could have occurred through classical or operant condition or cognitive social learning. Most people who suffer from claustrophobia do not like being in tight, narrow places such as elevators or small rooms without any means of escape (Jeffrey, M. K., 2002). Studies show that most claustrophobic patients have had an experience when they were younger that have left an impression on them causing them to become claustrophobic when they became older. For example, an individual could have been trapped in an elevator for a period of time with no means of escape as a child. Individuals also have fears of being in small rooms with no means of escape and therefore do not like to close the doors to these rooms such as bathrooms (Jeffrey, M. K., 2002).

On Monsieur’s Departure Essay

â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure†, with its highly interpretive nature and use of strong themes and appropriate literary devices, expresses the inner turmoil of its author, Queen Elizabeth, to the reader. The basic concept of this 17th century poem is one of the divided passions of Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth loved her country with fierce loyalty and control, but also had her own personal needs, and though it is not entirely certain as to whom this poem was referencing to, it is speculated to be about either the 2nd Earl of Essex or the Duc d’Anjou (French duke of Anjou). Essex (Robert Derereaux) was 30 years Elizabeth’s junior and was a charming, opinionated man with whom Elizabeth was completely enamored, but the relationship terminated when Essex and Elizabeth had a terrible fight and Essex directed an unsuccessful revolt against her. The tragedy pierced further when Elizabeth painfully agreed to have him executed. The duke of Anjou, who later became King Henry III, was a prime member of the French royal family, being both the duke of Anjou and Alenà §on. He was an unattractive man, both body and face, but Elizabeth fancied him enough to allow a lengthy courtship by him. This courtship ended when the duke withdrew from the marriage negotiations in 1582, but there is uncertainty as to why. Elizabeth, if gaining nothing more from this arrangement, did secure a defense alliance and French aid against Spain. The country, in Elizabeth’s mind, remained above her own personal longings – she never married and reigned as the proud Virgin Queen. The first stanza of â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure† contain uses of Petrarchan conceit, paradox, and the theme of disassociation between the queen and her desires. The Petrarchan conceit (common in Elizabethan love poems) is seen for example in line 2, â€Å"I love and yet am forced to seem to hate†. These comparisons of love and hate are extreme, as the conceptions of both love and hate are the most ultimate and divergent emotions in the English language and do demonstrate a distinct parallel. The literary paradox (statement which is contradictory yet sensical) is prominent in this poem, and can be seen in many instances. The main examples of this are Elizabeth’s contradictions shown in line 2 with â€Å"love† and â€Å"hate†, and in line 5, where she states, â€Å"I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned†. In line 5, the  figure of paradox is evident in â€Å"am† and â€Å"not†, as well as â€Å"freeze† and â₠¬Å"burned†. The recurrent disassociative theme is very prominent, suggesting Elizabeth’s frustration between being a ruler, with obligations and expectations, and being a human being, with inner yearnings and the need for expression . This is especially noticeable when Elizabeth states, â€Å"I seem stark mute but inwardly do prate†¦./Since from myself another self I turned† (4 and 6). Elizabeth is saying how she remains silent about her inner turmoil, but is churning inside with thoughts and concerns. Also, Elizabeth is saying how she turned from herself to another. This could be taken as either Elizabeth pushing aside that part of herself to remain a competent and commanding ruler, or as Elizabeth turning to another person (either the Duc d’Anjou or Essex) for personal reasons and her culpability for doing so. This theme continues throughout the poems through use of other literary contrivances and intricate wording. In the second stanza of â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure†, Elizabeth includes figurative language, alliteration and the subject of an unattainable self to voice her thoughts. The application of figurative language (expression which uses comparison to describe) is present in line 7, where Elizabeth uses a simile (comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’). It is written, â€Å"My care is like my shadow in the sun†, stating that to Elizabeth, there is a comparison between her care and her shadow when in the sun. This can be interpreted in many ways, but it is because a simile is used that a mental picture develops to compare the two. The use of alliteration (the repetition of like sounds in speech ) is seen in line 8, where the initial ‘f’ consonants are repeated. The line, â€Å"Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it†, with use of alliteration is concise and artful, with a condense accumulation of emotion. The theme of Elizabeth ’s care (of this man) being unattainable for her to grasp is very eminent in this stanza, with two supporting examples. The first comes in lines 7 and 8, where Elizabeth conveys, â€Å"My care is like my shadow in the sun,/Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it†. She is articulating that her own personal feelings are unconstrained to her, without the control she is wishing to enforce. The second instance in line 11, â€Å"No means I find to rid him from my breast,† expresses not that there is a physical person which she feels the need to remove, but instead that  Elizabeth believes that there is no way to eradicate the thoughts and feelings she has for this man from her heart. This continuing theme of separation from oneself and separation from emotional control is echoed throughout the poem, creating a delicate symmetry between each stanza, and allowing them to unite. The third stanza of â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure† embraces again figurative language, repetition, and a final accumulation of sentiment through deliberative wording. In this stanza, Elizabeth uses a very important metaphor (expression relating one thing to another) to represent herself. She writes, in line 14, that she is â€Å"made of melting snow†, a phrase which captures thoughts and images that may otherwise not have been so evident. Saying that she is â€Å"made of melting snow† tells the reading audience that Elizabeth is weakened by this, or that she is softened but not yet defeated – the interpretations are ceaseless, which makes this an important part of this final stanza and of the whole poem. The repetition Elizabeth uses in this stanza are towards the end, when she writes, â€Å"Let me or float or sin, be high or low./Or let me live with some more sweet content,/Or die and so forget what love ere meant† (16-18). By using this series of choices as her final statement, Elizabeth is implying a sense of urgency and desperation in her search for a solution. Her final statement is left with a final, hopeless alternative – for her to die and forget about love. By reading these alternatives, each worse than the next, the reader is left with a final note of despondency and a climax of emotion which is expressed with phrases like â€Å"be more cruel†(15), â€Å"float or sink†¦ high or low† (16), and â€Å"die and so forget†. These are intense statements that leave the reader silent from their effect. That is the essence of this poem, a pull and tug game of emotions, with no end solution other than to live forward and exist with ever-constant turmoil, to live, to rule, to sacrifice oneself for something greater. Through the use of different literary devices and a powerful backing theme, Queen Elizabeth has left the world with a literary victory. This poem is a saddening one, but as a love poem, it is expressing not only the pain, frustration and despair longing can produce, but also the strength and might  that backs it.

Free Essays on Esternal Factors

The external factors that contributed in the downfall of â€Å"Sam the record man’ can be viewed as: Political forces: Given the fact that we evoluate in a mixed economy, meaning that the government does play a key role in how business operate, I believe that some sort of regulations against music downloading on the internet should have been in place that could have protected records stores. Economic/Global forces: Knowing that our economy is very much tied a to the us, it would be only fair to assume that the repercussions of September 11th are felt in canada.analysis shows that there is a decline in the spending habits of consumer, they tend to think more long term. Also we need to keep in mind that foreign owned business being large buyers might be able to give a better sale price on the same good.competiton is what make our economy thrive and what enable us consumer to most of the time the better deal. Technological forces: The fast growing business that is the internet has enabled users to get access to a lot of information and services such as napster (downloadable music site), that provides free music.given the fact that most people that buys the records are young and don’t have a lot of financial ressources.given the choice between paying or not, they would choose the later. Competitive forces: We live in an economy that favors competition, so a strong organizations and marketing plans within the company are essential along with a product that is competitive quality and price wise.sam lacked all of those and faced with some of the larger corporation hey did not stand a chance especially the way their internal business was run. Societal forces: Because of the culture that we live in American music is the one that is popular. Unfortunately for sam the Canadian music industry is not as well know as the American one, so by supporting Canadian artist which was honorable he failed to see fill consumer prefer... Free Essays on Esternal Factors Free Essays on Esternal Factors The external factors that contributed in the downfall of â€Å"Sam the record man’ can be viewed as: Political forces: Given the fact that we evoluate in a mixed economy, meaning that the government does play a key role in how business operate, I believe that some sort of regulations against music downloading on the internet should have been in place that could have protected records stores. Economic/Global forces: Knowing that our economy is very much tied a to the us, it would be only fair to assume that the repercussions of September 11th are felt in canada.analysis shows that there is a decline in the spending habits of consumer, they tend to think more long term. Also we need to keep in mind that foreign owned business being large buyers might be able to give a better sale price on the same good.competiton is what make our economy thrive and what enable us consumer to most of the time the better deal. Technological forces: The fast growing business that is the internet has enabled users to get access to a lot of information and services such as napster (downloadable music site), that provides free music.given the fact that most people that buys the records are young and don’t have a lot of financial ressources.given the choice between paying or not, they would choose the later. Competitive forces: We live in an economy that favors competition, so a strong organizations and marketing plans within the company are essential along with a product that is competitive quality and price wise.sam lacked all of those and faced with some of the larger corporation hey did not stand a chance especially the way their internal business was run. Societal forces: Because of the culture that we live in American music is the one that is popular. Unfortunately for sam the Canadian music industry is not as well know as the American one, so by supporting Canadian artist which was honorable he failed to see fill consumer prefer...

Student Expectations for Beginning Teachers

Student Expectations for Beginning Teachers As a beginning teacher, youve probably set the bar high when it comes to student expectations. After all, you want to be perceived as competent and in control of your classroom. You can enhance this aspect of your formal education by exploring helpful tips and advice from experienced teachers on ways to set realistic and achievable behavioral goals for your students. Managing Your Classroom At the outset of your new career, its normal for you to struggle with feelings of insecurity about your ability to manage your classroom. You may think, for example, that if youre too nice, your students won’t respect your authority. Still, its possible for you to create a warm, friendly classroom and gain your students respect at the same time. Allowing your students to make simple decisions, such as which assignment to do first, will improve your chances of developing a cooperative classroom and give your students a boost in confidence. A time is coming, of course, when things dont go as you planned. Be prepared for these moments with emergency strategies and time fillers, like math drills and journaling activities. Learning the Ropes One of the biggest challenges youll face in configuring your classroom to run smoothly is dealing with time management. It may take weeks for you to learn the schools policies and procedures and for your students to learn your classroom routines. If you cant remember the school policies regarding lunch count, library books, or the like, ask a fellow teacher. Likewise, encourage your students to ask questions if they forget something important. Allocate as much time as you can during the first few weeks of school to learning school procedures and developing your own within these parameters. The more time you devote to this, the easier it will be later on. Be careful not to overwhelm your students; instead, establish simple routines that they can handle. Once you see that your students are getting the hang of basic routines, you can expand or alter them. Understanding Basic Expectations Each classroom and school will require the development of a unique set of expectations, but there are some that have stood the test of time: Follow classroom rules.Be on time.Be prepared for class.Be considerate and respectful.Show respect for school property and other students.Hand in assignments on time.Wait to be dismissed.Use an inside voice.Actively participate in class discussions.Stay seated during classroom activities and events.Help each other.Work quietly and follow directions.Raise your hand before speaking. Cultivating Success You want to see your students succeed, but you may feel pressured to get through the curriculum and may not devote sufficient time to learning about your students personal abilities and interests. Before barreling through the content, get to know your students so you can better comprehend what to expect of them. Starting with the first day of school, create an open dialogue with your students and encourage them to share information about themselves. For example, ask the students to pair up and interview each other, and then share what they learned with the class. Practicing Self-Management Skills To build confident, independent students who can think for themselves, practice self-management skills early on. If you plan to have your students participate in learning centers and small groups at some point, they will need to practice working independently. It may take weeks to build independent learners. If this is the case, then hold off on the learning centers and small groups until your students are ready. Keeping It Simple When you keep routines and independent work simple, youre helping students to build their confidence and self-management skills, which in turn will help them become more successful learners. As these skills become more ingrained in your students, you can increase their workload and their access to a greater variety of academic materials. Sources Bluestein, Jane. â€Å"Great Expectations!†Ã‚  Dr. Jane Bluestein Instructional Support Services, LLC, 15 Aug. 2017, janebluestein.com/2012/great-expectations-for-new-teachers/.

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and contrast - Essay Example It involves a group of people, who do the crime in a professional manner. These are criminals who depend on illegal or unlawful activities as their way of life, (Albanese, 2010). These crimes are coordinated and preplanned from a centralized syndicate. It happens to be an ongoing conspiracy where groups engage in illegal or illicit ventures with a sole aim of generating income. These groups have structures which resemble business with a pyramid hierarchy. It involves practicing heinous acts so as to maintain the external and internal control, (Albanese, 2010). These groups can go to the extent of committing murder. These tend to have political wings where they contribute to election campaigns with an aim of securing immunity from arrests. They engage in credit card frauds, gambling and narcotics. Racketeering and smuggling is also common with these groups, (Albanese, 2010). How my perception compares with the definition. My perception of organized crimes does compare with that of the definitions. This is because; in the definitions given here it is clear that planning is involved in the organized crimes. This is the same case in the readings. This also suggests that, in both cases, the nature of crime is not impromptu. It takes a lot of deliberations and sometimes diplomacy can be involved just to secure their interests, (Albanese, 2010). ... This is because activity that leads to violence, theft or even murder are unpopular and by all definitions they are terrible crimes. The idea of having professional criminals is intriguing by itself. It is difficult to imagine that there are people who specialized in crime as a way of living, (Albanese, 2010). However, it is not entirely shocking because there are people who have an uncontrollable desire to do crime. My perception of organized crime is that these are crimes done with a coordinated approach. The same definition appears in the readings. However, the readings reveal that this organization can get quit sophisticated because it is got training involved, and the coordinator are extremely intentional and often technological experts. Characteristics of organized criminal behavior Intimidation and violence Organized criminal gangs always use intimidation and violence to accomplish their goals and intentions. The nature of violence portrayed by these groups can be put into two categories, (Albanese, 2010). They are the tactical and the strategic categories of organized crimes. The strategic category of organized crime involves the use of groups with higher criminal capabilities. This includes careful planning and execution of well coordinated multiple crimes. This could be a way of retaliation against other groups or paralyzing government activates, (Albanese, 2010). On the other hand, tactical category is opportunistic in nature. It is clearly based on short-term goals like retention of a group share in the criminal market. Diversification of criminal activities. Most of these organized groups deal with: narcotics, vehicle thefts and other large-scale crimes, (Albanese, 2010). Their crimes are none—random in nature. Organized